The minimum working knowledge to be tested on exams in ENY 6401 will be materials covered in class, and text materials.

Exams will be announced in advance. Lecture exams may be given in the evenings in order to conserve maximum time for lecture and discussion at the regularly scheduled class time.

The final lecture exam will be consist of questions on material since the last lecture exam and questions from the laboratory. The format for the term paper should be similar to a review in Annual Review of Entomology. Tables and figures are appropriate, but they should be placed at the end, not within the text. The due date for the term paper will be announced in class.

1. Title Page. Title of paper and your name and address.

2. Abstract

3. Introduction - from 1/2 to 1 page to define the problem and state the objective(s) of the paper.

4. Body of the Text -

5. Citations used in the text. Use the following format:

6. Summary and/or Conclusions - 1/2 to 1 page to sum up.

7. References Cited. At least 25 references should be used and cited in writing the paper.

8. Tables and illustrations may be used, and probably should be used in most cases. They should be placed at the end of the paper (not in the text). Tables should follow the References, then Figure Legends, and finally the figures, each on a separate page. Tables should have a descriptive title, and the interpretation of the table should be available from the table and legend, without referring to the text. Figure legends (titles) should be grouped together on a separate sheet of paper.

9. Length. No specific length is required. Ten - 12 typed, double-spaced pages should be a target, but good coverage and discussion of a topic is more important than exact length.

These suggested topics are broad ideas; many of the topics may have to be limited in some way to be manageable. Other topics may be approved by the instructor, but the term paper is not intended as a way to get you started on a literature review for your thesis. Do that on your own time.

1. Protein composition of insect cuticle

2. The functions (or some particular function) of cuticular lipids

3. Protein inhibitors and other inhibitors in plants, that may inhibit or alter digestion in insects

4. A comparison of the integument of insects with that of other invertebrates

5. A review of JH mimics and their action on insects and other organisms

6. A review of phytoecdysteroids

7. Is tannin a significant inhibitor of protein digestion and nutrition in insects? (There are both pro and con reports on this in the literature

8. A review of PBAN, its source, transport, mode of action

9. A review of neuropeptides in insects - their occurrence, sources, roles

10. The anatomy and physiology of sound production in cicadas (and/or other sound producing insects)

11. A review of oostatic hormone physiology in insects

12. A review of gene analysis (DNA analysis) as a technique for insect identification

13. The defensive secretions of stink bugs - gland anatomy, physiology, chemistry

14. A review of the sensory structures and nervous system involved in pheromone perception by insects

15. A review of immunity and/or resistance of insect to foreign invaders (such as viruses, bacteria, other pathogens)

16. Exploration of the chemical ecology of parasitoids and their hosts

17. A review of the action of BT upon insects - physiology and biochemistry

18. Thermoregulation in insects: mechanisms, anatomy, and physiology

19. Physiology and anatomy of the brain in insects

20. The mate confusion technique for population control of insects

21. A review of some aspect of embryological development in insects

Bell, W.J., and Cardé , R.T. 1984. Chemical Ecology of Insects, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.

Birch, M.C and K.F. Haynes. 1982. Insect Pheromones. The Institute of Biology's Studies in Biology no. 147, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, London.

Blum, M.S. ed., 1985. Fundamentals of Insect Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

Burrows, M. 1996. The Neurobiology of an Insect Brain, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Cardé , R.T., and W.J. Bell. 1995. Chemical Ecology of Insects 2, Chapman & Hall, New York.

Cardé , R.T., and A.K. Minks. 1997. Insect Pheromone Research New Directions, Chapman & Hall, New York.

Chapman, R.F. 1998. The Insects Structure and Function, 4^th Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

Heinrich, B. 1996. The Thermal Warriors. Strategies of Insect Survival.Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Mordue, W., G.J. Goldsworthy, J. Brady, W.M. Blaney. 1980. Insect Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Neville, Charles. 1978. The Biology of the Arthropod Cuticle. Carolina Biology Reader #103, Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington, NC 27210.

Nijhout, H.F. 1994. Insect Hormones, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Pringle, J.W.S. 1983. Insect Flight. Carolina Biology Reader #52, Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington, NC 27210.

Rockstein, M. 1978. Biochemistry of Insects. Academic Press, Inc. New York.

Wigglesworth, V.B. 1983. Insect Hormones. Carolina Biology Reader #70, Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington, NC 27210.